Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) is a fantasy role-playing game first published in 1974. As the popularity of the game grew throughout the late-1970s and 1980s, it became referenced in popular culture more frequently. The complement of games, films and cultural references based on Dungeons & Dragons or similar fantasies, characters, and adventures became ubiquitous after the end of the 1970s.
Dungeons & Dragons, and tabletop role-playing games in general, have exerted a deep and persistent impact on the development of all types of video games, from "first-person shooters to real-time strategy games and massively multiplayer online games",[1] which in turn play a significant and ongoing role in modern popular culture.[2]
In online culture, the term dungeon has since come to mean a virtual location where people can meet and collaborate. Hence, multi-user dungeons emerged throughout the 1970s and 1980s as a form of social networks or a social virtual reality.[3] By creating a means for players to assemble and explore an imaginary world, the Dungeons & Dragons rules provided a transition from fantasy literary settings, such as those of author J. R. R. Tolkien, to fully virtual worlds.[4]
Public figures who play or have played Dungeons & Dragons include comedians Stephen Colbert and Chris Hardwick, musician Moby, and actors Vin Diesel, Matthew Lillard, Joe Manganiello, Mike Myers, Patton Oswalt, Wil Wheaton, and Robin Williams.[5][6][7][8][9]
Page Template:TOC limit/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "wikitext").
Literature[]
Books[]
Independent fiction derived from the Dungeons & Dragons game appeared with the Endless Quest series of books, published by TSR, Inc between 1982 and 1987. The Endless Quest books provided a form of interactive fiction in the style of the Choose Your Own Adventure series.[10] The continuing success of Dungeons & Dragons then sparked an even more extensive series of novels, also published by TSR, Inc. The first of these were based upon the Dragonlance campaign setting, and were released in 1984.[11] There proved to be a lucrative market for these works, and by the 2000s a significant portion of all fantasy paperbacks were being published by Wizards of the Coast, the American game company that acquired TSR, Inc in 1997.[12]
The impact of Dungeons & Dragons on players and culture has inspired reflective non-fiction works:
- Fantasy Freaks and Gaming Geeks: An Epic Quest for Reality Among Role Players, Online Gamers, and Other Dwellers of Imaginary Realms, by journalist and gamer Ethan Gilsdorf; a travel memoir about Dungeons & Dragons, role-playing games, and other fantasy and gaming subcultures.[13]
- The Elfish Gene: Dungeons, Dragons and Growing Up Strange, by novelist Mark Barrowcliffe; a memoir of playing Dungeons & Dragons and other role playing games in the 1970s.[14]
- Author Shelly Mazzanoble wrote a humorous self-help guide called Everything I Need to Know I Learned from Dungeons & Dragons: One Woman's Quest to Trade Self-help for Elf-help. This followed her guide book, Confessions of a Part-time Sorceress: A Girl's Guide to the Dungeons & Dragons Game.[15]
- American Nerd: The Story of My People is Time magazine writer Benjamin Nugent's study of the history and culture of people labeled nerds. It includes insights into why people play and enjoy Dungeons & Dragons.[16]
Several characters created for playing Dungeons & Dragons, or games derived from Dungeons & Dragons, have later spawned popular fantasy series.[17] Other novels make off-hand references to the game:
Comics[]
Begun in 1986, the comic books The Adventurers and Redfox were inspired by Dungeons & Dragons.[18] Several commercial comic strips are based entirely upon the game or make reference to the game in specific panels.
- Knights of the Dinner Table is a multiple award-winning[19] comic-sized magazine featuring comic strips with a variety of characters who play "HackMaster," a parody of Dungeons & Dragons. (HackMaster would later go on to become an actual role-playing game.) Early strips appeared in the official Dungeons & Dragons magazine Dragon.
- The Order of the Stick is an award-winning[20] satirical webcomic that features a cast of characters in a world that loosely operates by the rules of Dungeons & Dragons.[21]
- Penny Arcade, A longstanding webcomic, created by Jerry Holkins and Mike Krahulik, references and even depicts humorous instances of bizarre campaigns, and other Dungeons & Dragons subject matter; implementing dice-rolling humor and other game dynamics.
Visual media[]
Film[]
Several films include instances of characters playing the game of Dungeons & Dragons. There have also been three feature films released that were based upon the game: Dungeons & Dragons (2000), Dungeons & Dragons: Wrath of the Dragon God (2005), and Dungeons & Dragons: The Book of Vile Darkness (2012). As of 2019, Paramount Pictures, RatPac-Dune Entertainment, Sweetpea Entertainment, Vertigo Entertainment, Hasbro Studios and Allspark Pictures are currently developing a new Dungeons & Dragons film[22] scheduled for release on July 23, 2021.[23] The film was reportedly star Ansel Elgort and be directed by Rob Letterman.[24] Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis Daley are in talks to direct the film after Chris McKay was going to direct the film.[25]
- In scene 2 of Steven Spielberg's E.T. the Extra Terrestrial, the character Elliott, his older brother, and his friends are shown playing Dungeons & Dragons.[26][27] Prior to the production of the film, Spielberg ran a Dungeons & Dragons session with the young cast members.[28]
- The Futurama film Bender's Game includes Dungeons & Dragons as a crucial plot device, in which the main characters end up in a fantasy realm much like the game. The film was already in production upon Gygax's death and debuted later that year, so it was dedicated in his honor. The film included parodies of Dungeons & Dragons-influenced films.[29]
- The short film Fear of Girls is a spoof of two heavy Dungeons & Dragons gamers. The filmmakers used viral marketing to attract attention to the film.[30][31]
- The films The Gamers[32] and The Gamers: Dorkness Rising[33] by the Dead Gentlemen are parodies of Dungeons & Dragons.
Television[]
The CBS network ran a Saturday morning cartoon series called Dungeons & Dragons, in which a group of teenagers visiting a Dungeons and Dragons-themed theme park dark ride are magically transported into the fantasy world of Dungeons and Dragons. The show included the voice talents of Willie Aames of Eight is Enough, and ran from 1983 to 1985.[34]
Dungeons & Dragons is also referenced in a variety of television programs:
- Community - a second-season episode titled Advanced Dungeons and Dragons (AD&D) centers around the study group playing a game of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons to cheer up their near-suicidal classmate, "Fat Neil". Pierce's exclusion leads him to barge into the game, and torment everyone.[35][36] A later episode called Advanced Advanced Dungeons & Dragons included a game of D&D which is played in order to reunite Buzz Hickey with his son.
- Freaks and Geeks - the final episode of the series, titled Discos and Dragons, Daniel (James Franco) is forced to join the Audio/Visual Club and the geeks invite him to a game of Dungeons & Dragons. He ends up enjoying it.[37]
- The Sarah Silverman Program - in the second-season episode Bored of the Rings, a planned date night is disrupted by a Dungeons & Dragons game.[38]
- In the Radio Daze episode of That '70s Show, Donna is asked if she and Eric would like to stay to play Dungeons & Dragons at the radio station where she works. At the end of the episode, two staff members are shown playing a session, with a cameo appearance by Alice Cooper who is also shown playing.[39]
- The Simpsons - Homer tells how he bonded with some new geek friends by playing Dungeons & Dragons "for three hours... then I was slain by an elf."[40]
- Buffy the Vampire Slayer - In the episode "Chosen", Andrew, Xander, Giles, and one of the potential Slayers, Amanda play Dungeons & Dragons while Anya sleeps at the table.
- NewsRadio - in the episode "The Real Deal", Dave demonstrates to Jimmy that he manages the station as if it were a D&D game.
- The IT Crowd - In the fourth series episode titled "Jen The Fredo", Moss has been making his own Dungeons & Dragons game and eventually gets John, John, Roy, and Phil to play, entertaining his business connections and helping Roy relieve his depression.
- Corner Gas - in the episode "Happy Campers", Brent is seen playing a game of Dungeons & Dragons with a group of teenage boys in the city.[41]
- Tucker's Luck - In the third series episode 7 Peter "Tucker" Jenkins played by Todd Carty played Dungeons & Dragons at his girlfriend's pal's house.The Dungeon Master was played by Charley Boorman .[42]
- Gravity Falls - The thirteenth episode of the second season, "Dungeons, Dungeons & More Dungeons", is centered around a game of a similar name based on mathematics, chance and imagination.[43]
- Stranger Things - The main characters are seen playing Dungeons & Dragons, and the game both sets the tone and functions as a storytelling tool within the series.[44][45]
- The Magicians - The eleventh episode of the first season, "Remedial Battle Magic", has the protagonists discover a Japanese spell called マジック ミサイル (majikku misairu) which causes Quentin to exclaim "Magic missile? That's like straight up Dungeons and Dragons." [46]
- The Big Bang Theory - In the sixteenth episode of the final season Wil Wheaton invites Leonard to play a game with him and a group of celebrity players, including William Shatner, Kevin Smith, Joe Manganiello, and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Will serves as the Dungeon Master.
- Paradise PD - The fifth episode of the first season, "Dungeons & Dragnet", features a central plot heavily based on Dungeons & Dragons and the controversy over Christian groups demonizing the game as "Satanic".
Internet[]
- On March 13, 2015, the first episode of Critical Role aired. Critical Role is a live show which uses Twitch to stream their game of D&D.[47] Voice actor Matthew Mercer leads a group of several other fellow voice actors through D&D. So far, over two hundred episodes have been produced. Initially, episodes would be streamed live and then uploaded onto the Geek & Sundry website. On June 18, 2018, Critical Role announced their departure from Geek & Sundry, forming their own company.[48] The group also started a Kickstarter in March 2019, raising over US$11 million in order to fund the first campaign of the group being turned into an animated series.[49] This broke the previous record for the most-funded TV or film project on the crowdfunding website.[50] The animated series was later picked up by Amazon, resulting in a second season being ordered. The first season is currently planned to be released in late 2020.[51]
Audio media[]
Music[]
Dungeons & Dragons is referenced in popular music:
- Flashlight Brown's song "Ready to Roll" is a veiled reference to a group playing Dungeons & Dragons.[52]
- Owen Pallett's album He Poos Clouds is roughly based on the concept of the eight schools of magic from Dungeons & Dragons.[53][54]
- Stephen Lynch has a comedic song titled "D&D" on his album Superhero.[55]
- Weezer's song "In The Garage" mentions the Dungeon Master's Guide and a twelve-sided die among other nerdy elements of the titular garage.[56]
Podcast[]
- A special episode of the McElroy Brothers' flagship podcast My Brother, My Brother and Me called "The Adventure Zone" was released on August 18, 2014. It featured the brothers playing a game of Dungeons & Dragons with their father, Clint.[57] "The Adventure Zone" was later developed into its own podcast on the Maximum Fun network.[58]
Interactive media[]
Video games[]
Dungeons & Dragons is referenced in popular video games:
Borderlands 2 downloadable content Tiny Tina's Assault on Dragon Keep involves Tiny Tina serving as a game master of Bunkers and Badasses, the "Borderlands version of Dungeons & Dragons".[59]
Canadian video game designer and developer Merritt k created the 2015 Twine game (ASMR) Vin Diesel DMing a Game of D&D Just For You based on American actor Vin Diesel's D&D fandom.[60][61][62][63]
In Life Is Strange: Before the Storm, there is a part where the player can choose the option for Chloe to join in on a D&D campaign.[64]
Players[]
Stephen Colbert developed an intense interest in the game during his youth, which he later credited for his talent at character creation.[65] Ethan Gilsdorf credited the game for bestowing upon him "gifts of creativity and self-actualization".[66] Actor Vin Diesel, in his introduction to the book Thirty Years of Adventure, wrote that he was "attracted to the artistic outlet the game provided" and that the game was "a training ground for our imagination and an opportunity to explore our own identities".[67] Vin Diesel, Mike Myers, and Robin Williams also participated in the 2006 Worldwide Dungeons & Dragons Game Day, demonstrating that the game was then still a lively and active hobby.[68]
Director Chris Weitz pointed out that there "are a lot of people who played and are horribly embarrassed about it and won't admit it, because it's part of their lives they put behind". He developed a fervent interest in the game, even greater than in making movies, and said the experience "had such an influence on his life".[69] Director Jon Favreau was drawn into the game by the fantasy elements and the sense of story, saying "it gave me a really strong background in imagination, storytelling, understanding how to create tone and a sense of balance".[70]
Political reporter John J. Miller said that Dungeons & Dragons was a big part of his life during his school years, and argued that, "there's a lot to admire about D&D and what it can do for kids by encouraging them to read, do math, and think creatively".[71] Fantasy author China Miéville said that playing Dungeons & Dragons as a youth was one of the most enduring influences on his writing. The two things that particularly influenced him were "the mania for cataloging the fantastic" and "the weird fetish for systematization", in that everything is reduced to "game stats".[72] In contrast, author Mark Barrowcliffe considers his years playing Dungeons & Dragons to be a wasted youth and all of the players to be nerds. He has tried to put the experience behind him.[73]
List of notable D&D players[]
The following public figures have stated that they play, or have played, Dungeons & Dragons, indicating the game's broad appeal to a diverse range of talented individuals.[2]
- Sherman Alexie, poet, novelist and young adult author[74]
- Bill Amend, cartoonist[75]
- Kevin J. Anderson, author[76]
- Lee Arenberg, actor[77]
- Mark Barrowcliffe, author[14][73]
- Chester Bennington, musician[78]
- Jim Butcher, author[79]
- Ta-Nehisi Coates, author, senior editor of Atlantic Magazine[80]
- Stephen Colbert, Emmy Award winning comedian[5][6][7]
- Anderson Cooper, Emmy Award television personality, news anchor author and author[81]
- Rivers Cuomo, musician[82][83]
- Felicia Day, actress[84]
- Judi Dench, actress[85][unreliable source?]
- Junot Díaz, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist and short story writer[74]
- Vin Diesel, actor[5][6][7]
- Cory Doctorow, blogger, journalist, novelist, co-editor of the blog Boing Boing[74]
- Lexa Doig, actor[86]
- Tim Duncan, two time NBA MVP winning professional basketball player[87]
- Jon Favreau, actor, screenwriter and director[70]
- James Franco, actor, author, director[88]
- Ethan Gilsdorf, author, poet, teacher and journalist[89]
- Michael Gove, conservative politician, journalist and author[90]
- Joseph Gordon-Levitt, actor[91]
- Matt Groening, Emmy Award-winning cartoonist, screenwriter, and producer[92]
- Chris Hardwick, actor, writer and comedian[93]
- Tim Harford, economist and journalist[90]
- Brent Hartinger, author and playwright[94]
- Dan Harmon, writer, performer and producer[95]
- Dwayne Johnson, actor and professional wrestler[84]
- Kimberly Kane, pornographic actress and director[96]
- Paul S. Kemp, author[97]
- Stephen King, author[84]
- Matthew Lillard, actor[5][6]
- David Lindsay-Abaire, Pulitzer prize-winning playwright and lyricist[98]
- Michelle Malkin, conservative columnist[99]
- Joe Manganiello, actor[100]
- Marilyn Manson, musician[101]
- Robert MacNaughton, actor[28]
- George R. R. Martin, novelist, short story writer, screenwriter, and television producer[74]
- Sharon McCrumb, novelist[74]
- China Miéville, author[102]
- John J. Miller, political reporter[71]
- David Mitchell, novelist [103]
- Moby, musician[5]
- Tom Morello, musician[104]
- Elon Musk, entrepreneur, CEO of SpaceX and Tesla Motors[105]
- Mike Myers, actor[9]
- Steven Novella, podcast host, writer[106]
- Alexis Ohanian, entrepreneur, investor[107]
- Patton Oswalt, actor and comedian[8][93]
- Trey Parker, co-creator of South Park[108]
- Brian Posehn, actor and comedian[93]
- Bruce Reyes-Chow, Presbyterian minister, writer[109]
- John C. Reilly, theater actor, singer, and comedian[110]
- Ed Robertson, musician[111]
- R.A. Salvatore, fantasy novelist[112]
- Curt Schilling, baseball player, sports broadcaster[113]
- Kevin Smith, actor and director[84]
- Zak Smith, artist and alternative porn star[114]
- Steven Spielberg, film director, producer, screenwriter[115]
- Scott Stossel, editor of The Atlantic, author[74]
- Rider Strong, actor[116]
- Karl Urban, actor[117]
- Mark Tremonti, musician[118]
- Gerard Way, musician[92]
- Chris Weitz, producer, writer, director and actor[69]
- Wil Wheaton, actor[7][119]
- Joss Whedon, writer and director[84]
- Robin Williams, Grammy, Emmy, and Academy Award-winning actor and comedian[5]
- Daniel H. Wilson, author, television host, and robotics engineer[120]
- Rainn Wilson, actor[121]
- Deborah Ann Woll, actress[122]
- Andrew Yang, entrepreneur, philanthropist and 2020 presidential candidate [123]
- John Yuan, actor[124]
- Matthew Yuan, actor[124]
References[]
{{#vardefine:numCol|2}}
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedtychen2006 - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedrausch2004 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedsteels2004 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedheider2009 - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedshanafelt05 - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedtonjes05 - ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs nameddnd30 - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedoswalt07 - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmyers04 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedtresca2010 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmackay2001 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedbuker2002 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs nameddont_escape - ↑ 14.0 14.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedharrison20081107 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedwired20070926 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namednugent2009 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedcarlisle2009 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedbooker2010 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedpanzeri2006 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedcomics_village08 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedgrossman070131 - ↑ Khatchatourian, Maane (August 3, 2015). 'Dungeons & Dragons' Movie in Works at Warner Bros. as Lawsuit Ends. Variety. Retrieved on August 4, 2015.
- ↑ Foutch, Haleigh (December 18, 2017). "Paramount Sets Release Dates for 'G.I. Joe', 'Dungeons and Dragons', and More". Collider. Retrieved December 19, 2017.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto module").
- ↑ McNary, Dave (July 27, 2016). Ansel Elgort in Talks to Star in 'Dungeons & Dragons' Movie. Variety. Retrieved on January 20, 2017.
- ↑ Kroll, Justin (July 30, 2019). Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis Daley in Talks to Direct ‘Dungeons & Dragons’ Movie. Variety. Retrieved on July 30, 2019.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmackay01 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedbuckland06 - ↑ 28.0 28.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedocm12_4_85 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedwired20081104 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedlees2006 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmst20070128 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namednt20021203 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedjainchill2006 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedimdb_tt0085011 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedstahler2011 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedvenderwerff2011 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedsacks2009 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedsilverman07 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedyoutube2010-0921 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedsimpsons97 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedcg4_18 - ↑ [1][dead link]
- ↑ [2][dead link]
- ↑ Kuchera, Ben (2016-07-22). The real star of Stranger Things is Dungeons & Dragons.
- ↑ Hutchinson, Sean (2016-07-20). 'Stranger Things' and its Ingenious Use of 'Dungeons & Dragons'.
- ↑ The Magicians Season 1 Episode 11 Review: Remedial Battle Magic. TV Fanatic. Retrieved on 2020-01-19.
- ↑ Twitch. Twitch.tv. Retrieved on 2020-01-19.
- ↑ A Special Announcement from Critical Role (State of the Role #1). YouTube. (2018-06-18). Retrieved on 2020-01-19.
- ↑ Critical Role: The Legend of Vox Machina Animated Special by Critical Role — Kickstarter. Kickstarter.com. Retrieved on 2020-01-19.
- ↑ Todd Spangler (2019-04-05). Critical Role Kickstarter for 'Vox Machina' Tops $8.95 Million – Variety. Variety.com. Retrieved on 2020-01-19.
- ↑ Hale, James. Amazon Picks Up Critical Role's $11.4 Million Kickstarter Series 'The Legend Of Vox Machina,' Orders A Second Season. Tubefilter. Retrieved on 2020-01-19.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedkaufman03 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedstylus - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedamp - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedsl20110417 - ↑ In the Garage - Weezerpedia (in en).
- ↑ MBMBaM: The Adventure Zone. My Brother, My Brother and Me. Maximum Fun. (August 18, 2014). Retrieved on September 17, 2014.
- ↑ The Adventure Zone. Maximum Fun. Retrieved on 2020-01-19.
- ↑ Borderlands 2: Tiny Tina's Assault on Dragon Keep Revealed. IGN.com. IGN Entertainment. (May 2, 2013). Retrieved on May 9, 2013.
- ↑ Having Vin Diesel as your dungeon master is really soothing. Offworld. Boing Boing. (May 27, 2015). Retrieved on April 15, 2017.
- ↑ Are any of your favorites in this awesome game curation?. Offworld. Boing Boing. (October 14, 2015). Retrieved on April 15, 2017.
- ↑ Let Vin Diesel be your Dungeon Master in this relaxing, comforting game. Polygon. Vox Media. (May 27, 2015). Retrieved on April 15, 2017.
- ↑ Let Vin Diesel be your Dungeon Master in this relaxing, comforting game. Yahoo! News. Yahoo!. (May 27, 2015). Retrieved on April 15, 2017.
- ↑ "Game review: Life Is Strange: Before The Storm is a great prequel". Metro. 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2017-09-14.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto module").
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedcarter2010 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedgilsdorf2011 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs nameddiesel2004 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedgame_day07 - ↑ 69.0 69.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedscott2005 - ↑ 70.0 70.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedfavreau08 - ↑ 71.0 71.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmiller2004 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedgordon2003 - ↑ 73.0 73.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedbarrowcliffe2008 - ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 74.5 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedgilsdorfNYT - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedbooth10 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedcarter10 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedsnider - ↑ Watch Chester Bennington on 'Carpool Karaoke,' Filmed a Week Before His Death. theblemish.com. (October 12, 2017). Retrieved on August 17, 2018.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedcoates2015 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedlastnighton - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedrs010530 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedocw2010 - ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3 84.4 12 Famous People Who Play D&D
- ↑ Dame Judi Dench Plays Dungeons & Dragons: How You Make a Captivating Character by Jen Violi
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs nameddragoncon10_162 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedduncan97 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedstanton20110410 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedgilsdorf10 - ↑ 90.0 90.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedbbc20080414 - ↑ Nerdist podcast: joseph gordon-levitt. nerdist.com. (October 1, 2012). Retrieved on July 8, 2016.
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedct20060222 - ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedserota10 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedhartinger2011 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedvanderwerff2011 - ↑ I Hit it With My Axe. escapistmagazine.com. (March 17, 2010). Retrieved on February 6, 2011.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedkrug20110525 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namednyt20050213 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmalkin08 - ↑ Joe Manganiello on His Love of 'Dungeons & Dragons' and His 'Batman' Status. hollywoodreporter.com.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmanson99 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedpevere20110528 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmitchell2016 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmorello14 - ↑ "Part 1 of two-part Interview: Entrepreneur Elon Musk Talks About his Background in Physics". APS News. American Physical Society. 22 (9). October 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto module").
- ↑ Derek Colanduno (April 21, 2015). "A Skepticality Guide To The Universe". skepticality.com (Podcast). Retrieved April 24, 2015.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto module").
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedroy2012 - ↑ Comic-Con: South Park creators won't do another Pokémon episode but probably will kill Kenny again
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedreyes_chow2012 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedlarnick2011 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedrobertson2008 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedgilsdorfRA - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedgilsdorfNYTsword - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedzaksmith20100317 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedcaliopeople - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedryan20110503 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedadler_ugo - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedTremonti10 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedwheaton10 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedusa20110525 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmchenry08 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedwoll15 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs nameddubner2019 - ↑ 124.0 124.1 Wired